Xon Electronic's rise to prominence as a top-quality electronic components distributor is a story of dedication, innovation, and unwavering commitment to excellence. By offering a comprehensive product range, ensuring the highest standards of quality, and maintaining a global presence, Xon Electronic has positioned itself as a leader in the industry. The company's customer-centric approach, technical expertise, and strategic partnerships further enhance its ability to meet the diverse needs of clients around the world.

The demand for high-quality electronic components has never been higher. Companies around the world are in constant need of reliable components to ensure the smooth operation and innovation of their products. Xon Electronic has emerged as a leading distributor of these vital components, serving markets across the USA, Australia, India, Europe, and beyond. This article delves into the reasons behind Xon Electronic's top-tier status, exploring their product range, commitment to quality, global reach, customer service, and more.

A Legacy of Excellence

Founded with a vision to revolutionize the distribution of electronic components, Xon Electronic has built a reputation for excellence over the years. The company's dedication to quality and customer satisfaction has positioned it as a trusted partner for businesses in various industries, including automotive, aerospace, consumer electronics, telecommunications, and healthcare.

Comprehensive Product Range

One of the key factors that set Xon Electronic apart from its competitors is its extensive and diverse product range. The company offers a wide array of electronic components, including but not limited to:

• Semiconductors: Xon Electronic provides a vast selection of semiconductors, ranging from microcontrollers and processors to diodes and transistors. These components are crucial for the functioning of a myriad of electronic devices.

• Passive Components: Capacitors, resistors, inductors, and other passive components are available in various specifications to meet the specific needs of different applications.

• Electromechanical Components: Switches, relays, connectors, and other electromechanical components form a critical part of Xon Electronic's inventory, catering to industries that require robust and reliable hardware.

• Optoelectronics: With the increasing use of LEDs, sensors, and other optoelectronic devices, Xon Electronic ensures a steady supply of these components to support advancements in lighting, display, and sensing technologies.

• Power Management: From power supplies to voltage regulators, Xon Electronic offers a comprehensive range of power management solutions to ensure the efficient and reliable operation of electronic systems.

• RF and Microwave Components: The company also specializes in components for RF and microwave applications, essential for telecommunications, radar, and wireless communication systems.

Commitment to Quality

Xon Electronic's unwavering commitment to quality is a cornerstone of its success. The company adheres to stringent quality control measures to ensure that every component it distributes meets the highest industry standards. This commitment is reflected in several key areas:

• Certified Suppliers: Xon Electronic partners with renowned manufacturers who are known for their high-quality products. These suppliers undergo rigorous evaluation processes to ensure their components meet Xon's exacting standards.

• Stringent Testing: All components distributed by Xon Electronic undergo comprehensive testing and inspection procedures. This includes electrical testing, visual inspection, and environmental stress testing to ensure reliability and performance.

• Compliance with Standards: The company ensures that all components comply with relevant industry standards and certifications, such as ISO, RoHS, and REACH. This compliance guarantees that the products are safe, reliable, and environmentally friendly.

Global Reach

Xon Electronic's global presence is a testament to its ability to meet the diverse needs of customers around the world. The company's extensive distribution network spans multiple continents, ensuring timely delivery and localized support for its clients.

USA

In the United States, Xon Electronic has established itself as a leading distributor, serving a wide range of industries from Silicon Valley tech giants to automotive manufacturers in Detroit. The company's ability to provide high-quality components quickly and efficiently has made it a preferred partner for American businesses.

Australia

Australia's growing technology sector has benefited greatly from Xon Electronic's presence. The company's distribution centers in major Australian cities enable it to serve local industries, including mining, healthcare, and telecommunications, with the latest electronic components.

India

India's burgeoning electronics industry has seen significant growth, with Xon Electronic playing a crucial role in supplying the components needed for this expansion. From Bengaluru's tech hubs to manufacturing plants in Pune, Xon Electronic's reach extends across the country, supporting innovation and development.

Europe

Europe's diverse industrial landscape requires a distributor with the ability to cater to various market needs. Xon Electronic's extensive network across Europe ensures that businesses in countries like Germany, France, the UK, and Italy have access to the highest quality electronic components.

Other Regions

Beyond these major markets, Xon Electronic has also made significant inroads into other regions, including Asia, the Middle East, and South America. The company's ability to adapt to different market demands and regulatory environments has enabled it to establish a strong global footprint.

Customer-Centric Approach

At the heart of Xon Electronic's success is its customer-centric approach. The company understands that every client has unique needs and works diligently to provide tailored solutions that meet those requirements. Several aspects of Xon's customer service philosophy are particularly noteworthy:

• Personalized Support: Xon Electronic assigns dedicated account managers to its clients, ensuring personalized and responsive service. These account managers have in-depth knowledge of the client's industry and specific needs, enabling them to provide expert advice and support.

• Technical Expertise: The company's team of technical experts is always on hand to assist customers with their technical queries and challenges. Whether it's selecting the right component for a particular application or troubleshooting a complex issue, Xon's technical team is ready to help.

• Efficient Logistics: Xon Electronic's sophisticated logistics infrastructure ensures that orders are processed quickly and accurately. The company leverages advanced inventory management systems and global shipping partners to guarantee timely delivery of components, minimizing downtime for its clients.

• After-Sales Service: Xon's commitment to customer satisfaction extends beyond the point of sale. The company provides comprehensive after-sales support, including warranty services, technical assistance, and replacement of defective components.

Innovation and Adaptation

In an industry characterized by rapid technological advancements, Xon Electronic remains at the forefront by continuously innovating and adapting to market changes. The company invests heavily in research and development to stay ahead of trends and anticipate the future needs of its customers.

• Emerging Technologies: Xon Electronic actively tracks and invests in emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI), Internet of Things (IoT), and renewable energy. By understanding these trends, the company ensures that it can provide the components needed for the next generation of electronic devices.

• Sustainability Initiatives: Recognizing the importance of sustainability, Xon Electronic is committed to promoting eco-friendly practices within the electronics industry. The company supports green manufacturing processes and offers components that comply with environmental regulations, helping clients achieve their sustainability goals.

• Digital Transformation: Embracing digital transformation, Xon Electronic has developed an advanced online platform that allows customers to easily browse and order components, track shipments, and access technical resources. This platform enhances the overall customer experience by providing a convenient and efficient way to interact with the company.

Industry Partnerships and Collaborations

Xon Electronic's success is also attributed to its strategic partnerships and collaborations with industry leaders. These alliances enable the company to offer a broader range of products and services, enhancing its value proposition to customers.

• Manufacturer Partnerships: By partnering with leading component manufacturers, Xon Electronic ensures a steady supply of high-quality products. These partnerships also provide the company with early access to new technologies and innovations, allowing it to offer cutting-edge solutions to its clients.

• Industry Alliances: Xon Electronic actively participates in industry associations and alliances, contributing to the development of standards and best practices. This involvement helps the company stay informed about industry trends and regulatory changes, ensuring it can provide relevant and compliant solutions to its customers.

• Collaborative Projects: The company engages in collaborative projects with clients and research institutions to develop customized solutions for specific applications. These collaborations drive innovation and enable Xon Electronic to offer unique, tailored products that meet the precise needs of its clients.

Awards and Recognitions

Xon Electronic's dedication to quality and customer satisfaction has not gone unnoticed. The company has received numerous awards and recognitions over the years, highlighting its achievements and contributions to the electronics industry.

• Industry Awards: Xon Electronic has been honored with several industry awards, recognizing its excellence in distribution, customer service, and innovation. These accolades serve as a testament to the company's leadership and commitment to quality.

• Supplier Recognitions: The company's suppliers have also acknowledged Xon Electronic's outstanding performance, granting it various certifications and accolades. These recognitions underscore the company's strong relationships with its manufacturing partners and its ability to deliver top-quality products.

• Customer Testimonials: Perhaps the most meaningful recognition comes from the clients themselves. Xon Electronic has received countless testimonials and positive feedback from satisfied customers, reflecting the company's success in meeting their needs and exceeding their expectations.

Future Outlook

Looking ahead, Xon Electronic is poised for continued growth and success. The company's strategic initiatives, commitment to quality, and customer-centric approach position it well to navigate the challenges and opportunities of the evolving electronics market.

• Expansion Plans: Xon Electronic plans to expand its global footprint further, establishing new distribution centers and strengthening its presence in emerging markets. This expansion will enable the company to serve a broader customer base and capitalize on new growth opportunities.

• Technological Advancements: The company will continue to invest in technology and innovation, ensuring it remains at the cutting edge of the industry. By staying ahead of technological trends, Xon Electronic can provide its customers with the latest and most advanced components.

• Sustainability Goals: Xon Electronic is committed to enhancing its sustainability efforts, working towards reducing its environmental impact and promoting eco-friendly practices. The company aims to become a leader in sustainability within the electronics distribution industry, setting an example for others to follow.

• Customer Focus: Maintaining its customer-centric approach, Xon Electronic will keep enhancing its services and support to meet the evolving needs of its clients. The company will continue to prioritize customer satisfaction, ensuring it remains a trusted partner for businesses worldwide.

Conclusion

As Xon Electronic looks to the future, its focus on expansion, technological advancement, sustainability, and customer satisfaction will undoubtedly drive continued success. For businesses in need of reliable, high-quality electronic components, Xon Electronic stands out as the go-to distributor, ready to support their growth and innovation in an ever-evolving technological landscape.

In electrical engineering, a linear voltage regulator is a system that is utilized in maintaining a steady voltage. The regulator's resistance varies according to the load as well as the input voltage, leading output of unchanged voltage. This regulating device is constructed in such a manner that it behaves like a variable resistor which adjusts a voltage divider network continuously to keep up a steady yield voltage. In contrast to this, a switching regulator takes the help of active equipment that turns ON/OFF to keep an average output value. Since the regulated voltage should always be lower than the output voltage, the value of efficiency is limited. To enable the active device to drop some voltage, the input voltage needs to be high.

Linear regulators may keep the regulating device in between the regulated load and the source (series) or in parallel with the load. Simple linear regulators may include a series of resistors and a Zener diode while the complex ones come with power pass element, voltage reference, and error amplifiers. Since a linear regulator is one of the most common elements in several devices, ICs are very common. Linear voltage regulators may also be constructed by several vacuum tubes or solid-state components.

There are 2 basic forms of Linear Voltage Regulators. One is the series regulators and the other one is the shunt regulators. Most of the linear regulators in use are marked with maximum rated output current. This is commonly limited by the current conveying ability, or by the power dissipation ability of the output transistor.

1. Series Regulators – Series regulators are the most commonly used regulators; they are much more efficient than the shunt regulators. This regulator works by setting up a path from the load to the supply voltage through a variable resistance (transistor). For this reason, it is commonly known as pass transistor. The amount of power dissipated by the regulator is equal to the product of the voltage drop with the power supply output current in the device. For the reduced stress and efficiency on the pass transistor, manufacturers generally try to decrease the amount of voltage drop. It is found that not all the circuits are regulated efficiently as soon as their input voltage comes near the required output voltage. Those that are regulated efficiently is known as Low Dropout regulators.

1. Shunt Regulators – This regulator works by giving a way from the ground to the supply voltage through a variable resistance. The current coming from the regulator is made to flow to the ground by diverting away from the load. Because of this reason, the shunt regulators are less efficient than the series regulator. These kinds of regulators are used in very low-powered circuits where the squandered current is too little to even think about being of concern.

This was all we have regarding linear voltage regulators. Hope you liked going through it. Brands that manufacture these regulators are ON Semiconductor, Texas Instruments, and STMicroelectronics. Make sure to check them out using the links as provided.

What is a Linear Voltage Regulator?

A linear voltage regulator is a device used to maintain a constant voltage level. Whether you're working with a sophisticated microcontroller or a simple LED circuit, a steady voltage supply is key to smooth operation. Linear voltage regulators step in to ensure this consistency by converting a varying input voltage into a stable output voltage.

Importance in Electronic Circuits

Imagine a world where your gadgets randomly shut off or malfunction due to fluctuating voltage. Chaos, right? That's why linear voltage regulators are essential—they provide reliability and stability, ensuring your devices function correctly and efficiently.

Types of Linear Voltage Regulators

Linear voltage regulators come in various flavors to suit different needs. Let's dive into the main types.

Fixed vs. Adjustable Regulators

Fixed Regulators: These provide a constant output voltage, such as the popular LM7805, which outputs 5V regardless of the input voltage (within a specified range).

Adjustable Regulators: These allow you to set the output voltage to a desired level using external components like resistors. The LM317 is a classic example of an adjustable regulator.

Low Dropout (LDO) Regulators

Low Dropout (LDO) regulators are designed to operate with a very small difference between the input and output voltage. This feature makes them ideal for applications where energy efficiency is paramount.

How Linear Voltage Regulators Work

The magic of linear voltage regulators lies in their simplicity and reliability.

Basic Working Principle

Linear voltage regulators function by adjusting the resistance within the regulator circuit to maintain a constant output voltage. When the input voltage increases, the regulator increases its internal resistance to keep the output voltage steady, and vice versa.

Key Components

• Pass Element: Usually a transistor, which regulates the voltage.
• Error Amplifier: Compares the output voltage to a reference voltage and adjusts the pass element accordingly.
• Reference Voltage: A stable voltage source used for comparison.

Applications of Linear Voltage Regulators

Linear voltage regulators are versatile and find applications in various fields.

Consumer Electronics

From your smartphone to your laptop, linear voltage regulators ensure these devices receive stable power, enhancing performance and longevity.

Industrial Applications

In industrial settings, these regulators are used to power sensitive equipment that requires precise voltage levels, such as measurement instruments and control systems.

Automotive Applications

Cars are loaded with electronic systems that demand stable voltage supplies. Linear voltage regulators help maintain the performance and reliability of these systems.

Advantages of Using Linear Voltage Regulators

Why should you consider using linear voltage regulators in your designs? Let's explore their benefits.

Simplicity and Ease of Use

Linear voltage regulators are straightforward to implement. With minimal external components, they simplify circuit design, making them a favorite among engineers.

Low Noise and Ripple

Linear regulators produce less electrical noise compared to their switching counterparts, which is crucial for applications involving audio and RF signals.

Disadvantages of Linear Voltage Regulators

Like everything else, linear voltage regulators have their downsides.

Power Dissipation

Linear regulators dissipate excess power as heat, making them less efficient, especially when there's a large difference between the input and output voltage.

Efficiency Concerns

Due to power dissipation, linear regulators are not as efficient as switching regulators, particularly in high-power applications.

Key Specifications to Consider

When selecting a linear voltage regulator, several specifications are vital.

Input Voltage Range

The range of input voltages the regulator can handle without malfunctioning.

Output Voltage Range

The range of output voltages the regulator can provide, which is crucial for adjustable regulators.

Dropout Voltage

The minimum difference between the input and output voltage where the regulator can still maintain a stable output.

Load Regulation

The regulator's ability to maintain a constant output voltage despite changes in the load current.

Line Regulation

How well the regulator can maintain its output voltage with changes in the input voltage.

Quiescent Current

The current consumed by the regulator itself, which impacts the overall power efficiency.

Popular Linear Voltage Regulator ICs

Some linear voltage regulators have become staples in electronic design due to their reliability and performance.

LM7805

A classic fixed regulator providing a stable 5V output.

LM317

An adjustable regulator known for its versatility in providing various output voltages.

LT3080

A modern LDO regulator offering high performance with low dropout voltage.

Designing Circuits with Linear Voltage Regulators

Designing circuits with linear voltage regulators can be straightforward if you follow the right steps.

Step-by-Step Design Process

1. Determine Voltage Requirements: Identify the required input and output voltages.
2. Select the Appropriate Regulator: Choose between fixed, adjustable, and LDO regulators based on your needs.
3. Calculate External Components: For adjustable regulators, calculate the resistor values needed to set the desired output voltage.
4. Implement Heat Management: Ensure adequate heat dissipation to prevent overheating.

Common Design Mistakes

Avoid common pitfalls like inadequate heat sinking, incorrect resistor values, and poor layout practices that can lead to instability.

Heat Management in Linear Voltage Regulators

Managing heat is crucial to ensure the longevity and reliability of your regulator.

Heat Sinks

Attaching a heat sink to your regulator can significantly improve its ability to dissipate heat, preventing thermal shutdown.

Thermal Shutdown Features

Many modern regulators include built-in thermal shutdown features that automatically turn off the regulator when it overheats, protecting your circuit.

Linear vs. Switching Voltage Regulators

When should you use a linear regulator, and when should you opt for a switching regulator?

Efficiency Comparison

Switching regulators are more efficient, especially in high-power applications, but they can be noisier and more complex to design.

Use Cases for Each Type

Linear regulators are ideal for low-power applications requiring low noise and simplicity, while switching regulators are better suited for high-power, high-efficiency needs.

Troubleshooting Linear Voltage Regulators

Even the best designs can run into issues. Here's how to troubleshoot common problems.

Common Issues and Solutions

• Overheating: Check heat sinks and ensure adequate airflow.
• Output Instability: Verify external component values and layout.
• No Output Voltage: Ensure correct input voltage and check for short circuits.

Future Trends in Linear Voltage Regulators

The world of linear voltage regulators is evolving. Let's take a peek into the future.

Innovations and Technological Advances

Future regulators are expected to offer even lower dropout voltages, higher efficiency, and smarter thermal management features, catering to the growing demand for energy-efficient electronics.

FAQs about Linear Voltage Regulators

1. What is the main function of a linear voltage regulator?

The primary function of a linear voltage regulator is to maintain a stable output voltage despite variations in the input voltage and load conditions.

2. How does an LDO regulator differ from a standard linear regulator?

An LDO (Low Dropout) regulator can operate with a very small difference between the input and output voltage, making it more efficient in low voltage applications.

3. Can I use a linear regulator for high-power applications?

While possible, linear regulators are less efficient for high-power applications due to significant power dissipation as heat. Switching regulators are generally better suited for these scenarios.

4. What are the common signs of a failing linear voltage regulator?

Common signs include overheating, unstable output voltage, and the regulator shutting down unexpectedly due to thermal issues.

5. How do I choose between a fixed and an adjustable regulator?

Choose a fixed regulator for simplicity and a specific output voltage. Opt for an adjustable regulator if you need flexibility in setting various output voltages.

Conclusion

Linear voltage regulators are indispensable in providing stable and reliable power for electronic circuits. Despite their simplicity and ease of use, they come with challenges like power dissipation and efficiency concerns. Understanding their workings, applications, and how to choose the right one for your needs is crucial in the ever-evolving landscape of electronics design.

In the power electronic systems, the gate driver circuit is the most important part. It forms an interface between the control circuits and the high-power electronics and is utilized to drive powerful semiconductor devices. The output from the SMPS and DC-DC converters depends mainly on the gate driver's circuits. This leads to the conclusion that if the gate driver circuit is not able to drive the gate of a power device in the right manner, the output of the DC-DC converter will not be as per the design requirement. Thus, the gate driver circuit’s design is significant in the structuring of power electronic converters.

Gate Drivers Types

1. High Side Low Side Drivers – This kind of gate drivers is utilized in driving 2 switches that are connected in the bridge arrangements (both ground referenced and floating switches).
2. Low Side Drivers - This kind of gate drivers is utilized in driving ground-referenced switches.

Gate Driver Isolation

Gate drive circuits for power converters and inverters commonly require electrical isolation for both safety and functional purposes. Isolation is ordered by administrative and security accreditation organizations to forestall stun dangers. The gate drivers also help in protecting low voltage electronics from any kind of damage caused by faults on the high power side circuit. On the control side, these drivers also provide protection from error due to humans. In the system, due to the electrical separation between several functional circuits, a direct conductional path between them is prevented. Not only this, but it also enables individual circuits to have different ground voltage. Power and signals can still pass between isolated circuits with the help of capacitive, optical, or inductive methods.

Several applications of power devices need an isolated gate drive circuit. For instance, in power converter topologies like the two-switch forward, buck, active-clamp forward, full-bridge and, half-bridge, both the high as well as low switches are present because low side drivers cannot be utilized directly for driving the higher power equipment. This equipment needs an isolated gate driver because the emitter and source of the upper devices are not sitting at the ground potential.

Two things are required for driving high side switches:

• Level shifter - to pass on the PWM control signal to the floating driver circuitry.
• Floating Supply – to support any circuitry by providing power with this floating midpoint potential.

Techniques of Isolation

Generally, there are two most common methods to actualize isolated gate drivers:

• Optical – Takes place with the help of Opt coupler.
• Magnetic – Takes place with the help of Gate drive transformers.

This was all we have regarding Gate drivers. Hope you liked going through it. Brands that manufacture them are TE Connectivity, ITT, and Molex. Make sure to visit them using the links as provided.

View all the Gate Driver. 

Demystifying the Gate Driver's Role

Imagine a power converter, the workhorse behind everything from solar inverters to electric vehicle (EV) motors. The heart of such a converter lies in power switches – transistors like MOSFETs (Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistors) and IGBTs (Insulated-Gate Bipolar Transistors). These transistors act as electronic gates, controlling the flow of high currents. But here's the catch: turning them on and off requires significant electrical manipulation at their control terminals, called gates.

This is where the gate driver steps in. It receives low-power control signals from a microcontroller, typically a digital pulse width modulation (PWM) signal. The gate driver then amplifies this signal, providing the high current and voltage necessary to effectively turn the power transistor on and off. Additionally, gate drivers perform several other critical functions:

• Level Shifting: Microcontrollers often operate at low voltage levels (e.g., 3.3V or 5V), while power transistors require much higher voltages (e.g., 15V or even higher) to turn on and off completely. The gate driver bridges this gap by boosting the control signal to the appropriate level for the specific transistor.
• Short Circuit Protection: Power electronics can be susceptible to short circuits, potentially leading to catastrophic damage. Gate drivers often incorporate features that detect short circuits and shut down the power transistor rapidly, minimizing damage.
• Dead Time Control: In circuits employing multiple transistors, a crucial factor is "dead time." This refers to the brief period between turning off one transistor and turning on another, preventing shoot-through current, where current flows unintentionally through both transistors simultaneously. Gate drivers provide precise control over dead time to optimize efficiency and prevent damage.

By handling these critical tasks, gate drivers ensure efficient and reliable operation of power electronic circuits.

A Spectrum of Gate Driver Options

The world of gate drivers offers a diverse range of options to cater to various power electronics applications. Here's a breakdown of some key types:

• Basic Gate Drivers: These are the workhorses, offering essential functionalities like level shifting, short circuit protection, and dead time control. They are suitable for cost-sensitive applications where simplicity reigns supreme.
• Isolated Gate Drivers: In some applications, electrical isolation is paramount, particularly when dealing with high voltages or safety concerns. Isolated gate drivers incorporate a physical barrier (often a transformer) between the control and power sections, preventing unwanted current flow and enhancing safety.
• High-Speed Gate Drivers: As switching frequencies in power converters increase to achieve higher efficiency and smaller footprints, the need for faster gate drivers arises. These drivers boast minimized propagation delays and faster rise and fall times, enabling efficient operation at high frequencies.
• Intelligent Gate Drivers: Pushing the boundaries of functionality, intelligent gate drivers integrate additional features like advanced dead time control algorithms, fault diagnostics, and communication capabilities. These features empower designers to create smarter and more efficient power electronic systems.

Choosing the right gate driver hinges on several factors, including:

• Power Transistor Type: Different transistor technologies (MOSFETs, IGBTs, SiC MOSFETs, GaN HEMTs) have varying gate characteristics and require compatible drive currents and voltages.
• Application Requirements: Consider factors like switching frequency, voltage and current ratings, and the need for features like isolation or advanced dead time control.
• Cost and Size Constraints: Basic gate drivers offer a cost-effective solution for simpler applications, while intelligent drivers with advanced features come at a premium. Size constraints may also influence the choice of a compact driver package.

Gate Drivers in Action: Powering Our World

Gate drivers play a vital role in a multitude of power electronic applications, shaping our modern world. Here are a few examples:

• Motor Drives: From industrial automation robots to electric vehicle motors, gate drivers control the power transistors that drive these motors, enabling efficient motion control.
• Switched-Mode Power Supplies (SMPS): These ubiquitous power converters rely on gate drivers to regulate voltage levels, powering everything from laptops and smartphones to household appliances.
• Solar Inverters: In solar power systems, gate drivers manage the power flow from photovoltaic panels to the grid, ensuring efficient conversion of solar energy into electricity.

A variable resistor that is utilized in controlling current is known as a rheostat. This device helps in varying the resistance in an electrical circuit without any interruption. The construction of a rheostat is much like that of the potentiometers. Even when three terminals are present, it utilizes only 2 connections, like a potentiometer. One of the connection is made with the wiper and the other one is made to the resistive element. Unlike the potentiometers, rheostats can convey a noteworthy current. Thus they are generally manufactured as wire wound resistors. The resistive wire is twisted around a protecting ceramic core and the wiper slides over the windings.

Rheostats were most commonly utilized in power controlling devices, for example, to operate the speed of motors, to control the intensity of light (dimmer), in ovens and heaters. These days they are not utilized for this capacity any longer. The reason behind this is because of its low efficiency. Because of its characteristic of variable resistance they are generally used for calibration in a given electrical circuit. In these cases, they are balanced distinctly during creation or circuit tuning. In these cases generally, trimpots are utilized, wired as a rheostat.

Types of Rheostat

There are many types of Rheostat. Let’s look at them below:

• Rotary Rheostat – As the name suggests, the rotary rheostat comes with a rotary resistive path. These have found its utilization in power applications. This kind of rheostat has a shaft which is mounted by a wiper. The wiper is just a sliding contact for a rotary rheostat that can pivot over three-fourth of a circle.

• Linear Rheostat – This kind of rheostat comes with a linear resistive path. The path is glided by the sliding terminal. Here we have got 2 fixed terminal but only one of them is used. The other one is attached to the slider. These are generally utilized in laboratory applications. For the most part, a wire-wound resistive way along with a linear cylinder-shaped material is utilized.

• Preset Rheostat – Whenever rheostats are utilized in the printed circuit board, they are either utilized as preset rheostats or trimmers. Trimmers are a small rheostat generally used in circuits for calibration. Though there is an option of 2 terminal trimmers, in most of the cases 3 terminal potentiometer trimmer is utilized as a 2 terminal rheostat.

Applications of a Rheostat

One of the most important applications of the rheostat as discussed above is to operate the flow of current. All of its other application is derived from this current controlling capability of the rheostat. For example, the rheostats are used to limit the flow of current such that high current faults could be prevented. It is important to choose the size of the rheostat according to the current requirement. For instance, if you have got a high current circuit then you need to have a rheostat of larger size. These kinds are used in dimmer circuits, in heaters, ovens as well as speed control circuits in motors.

This was all we have regarding Rheostat. Hope you liked the article. Brands that manufacture them are Ohmite, Vishay, and TE Connectivity. Make sure to check them out using the links as provided.  

View all our Rheostats

A trimmer in electronics is an adjustable miniature electrical component. It is intended to be set accurately when introduced in some gadget, and never observed or balanced by the gadget's user. Trimmers can be variable capacitors, variable resistors (potentiometers), or inductors. They are commonly used in accuracy hardware like A/V segments and may be balanced when the equipment is serviced. Trimpots are generally used to calibrate electrical equipment initially after manufacturing. Contrary to many other variable controls, these trimmers are clamped on the circuit boards, turned with a little screwdriver, and appraised for several fewer calibration over their lifetime. Trimmers, for example, trimmable capacitors and trimmable inductors are generally found in radio and superhet radio receivers, radio frequency, and intermediate frequency circuits. They are set in the correct position during the time of the alignment procedure of the receiver.

In electronics, Presets are those adjustable components to which the user has no access to. They are made to adjust during the time of the manufacture of that device or during the time of its maintenance/repair. Several passive electrical components can be used as presets, like inductors, resistors, and capacitors.

General Considerations

Trimmers can be found with different levels of precision and sizes. For instance, we have the multi-turn trim potentiometer which reaches its end value after several turns of screw adjustment. This helps in getting a very high accuracy level. Often they also use a leadscrew (linear track) or a worm-gear (rotary track).

Resistors

Resistor trimmers can be found generally in the form of a Potentiometer, often known as trimpot. There are three terminals present in a potentiometer, but it can be modified for a two-terminal resistor by attaching the wiper to any one of the other terminals. Trimpot was patented in 1952 by Marlan Bourns and till then it is a registered trademark of Bourns, Inc.

There are two types of preset resistors that are found in the circuits commonly.

• The first one is the skeleton potentiometer that has the working principle the same as a regular circular potentiometer. The only difference is that it is stripped of its shaft, enclosure, and fixings. The complete movement of this kind of potentiometer is less than a single turn.

• The second one is the multi-turn potentiometer which provides movement to the slider along the resistive track through a worm gear set up. In this potentiometer, the gearing is done in such a manner that multiple turns are required for an adjustment screw to position the slider the complete distance along the resistive track.

This was all we have regarding Trimmer Resistors through hole. We hope that you liked the article. Brands that manufacture them are Bourns, TT Electronics, and Vishay. Make sure to visit them using the links as provided.

View all our Trimmer Resistor - Through Hole

A potentiometer is defined as a 3 terminal resistor having a rotating or sliding contact that makes up the adjustable voltage divider. If you are using only the two terminals present in it (one end and the wiper), then it behaves like a variable resistor or rheostat.

Potentiometer, a measuring instrument, is a voltage divider which is used to measure the electric potential difference. This electric component has got its name as a potentiometer because it is an implementation of the same principle.

Potentiometers are used mainly in controlling electrical devices like in audio equipment for controlling the volume. Potentiometers that are controlled by a mechanism can be utilized as position transducers, like, as used in a joystick. Potentiometers are used very often to control significant power (greater than watt) directly since the dissipated power in the potentiometer is comparable to the power present in the controlled load.

Nomenclature for Potentiometers

There is a vast amount of electronic equipment present in the industry. For the simplification of the people, each of them comes with its code and nomenclature. Let's have a look at the nomenclature as described for a potentiometer.

• Trimmer pot or Trimpot – A trimmer potentiometer is a potentiometer that is generally meant to be calibrated once or infrequently for the electrical signal to get tuned finely.
• Thumbwheel pot or Thumb pot – A rotating potentiometer (small) which can be calibrated infrequently with the help of small thumbwheel.
• Slider pot or Slide Pot – This kind of potentiometer is adjusted with the help of a wiper by shifting it right or left (or even up and down - It depends on the way of its installation), generally with the help of thumb or a finger.

Digital Potentiometer

A digital potentiometer, generally known as digipot, is an electronic equipment that copies all the functionality of analog potentiometers. Just like the analog potentiometer, the resistance present between the 2 terminals can be adjusted through digital input signals.

There are 2 main functional types of digital potentiometers.

• Non-Volatile – It uses a strong mechanism like that present in EEPROM or flash memory to retain their set position.
• Volatile – It loses its set position as soon as the power is removed from them. It is generally designed to initialize at the base position.

The use of digipot is much complex than that of a simple analog potentiometer. Not only that, but there are many noticeable limitations as well. Still, they are broadly utilized, regularly for factory calibration and adjustment of hardware, particularly where the constraints of mechanical potentiometers are dangerous.

Membrane Potentiometers

A membrane potentiometer is a potentiometer that takes the help of a conductive membrane that is distorted by a sliding element to contact a resistor voltage divider. Linearity lies between 0.5 percent to 5 percent as per the designs, materials, and processes used while manufacturing. The repeat accuracy generally lies in the range of 0.1mm to 1.0mm with an infinite resolution theoretically.

This was all we have regarding Potentiometers. Brands that manufacture them are Bourns, Honeywell, and Vishay. Make sure to go through them using the links as provided.

View all our Potentiometers

In the field of electronics, a choke is defined as an inductor which is used to block higher-frequency while passing Alternating Current (AC) of lower frequencies and Direct Current (DC) in an electrical circuit. A choke generally comes with a coil made up of insulated wire generally wound on a magnetic core, albeit some comprise of a donut molded "globule" of ferrite material hung on a wire. The impedance of the choke increases with the increase in the frequency. Because of the low electrical resistance, it passes both the DC and AC with a little amount of power dissipation. The amount of AC passed is limited due to its reactance.

The name “choking” is derived from blocking as it blocks high frequencies while passing low frequencies. It is a functional name. The word – “choke” is used for all the inductor that helps in decoupling or blocking higher frequencies, but the electrical component is simply known as an inductor if it is used in tuned circuits or electronic filters. Inductors that are designed for the utilization as chokes are generally recognized by not having the low-loss construction (high Q factor).

Common Mode Choke

The CMC or the Common Mode Choke, where two curls are twisted on a solitary center, is helpful for the suppression of RFI (Radio Frequency Interference) and Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) from the power supply lines. It also prevents the malfunctioning of power electronics devices. It passes both equal as well as different current while blocking common mode currents. The magnetic flux generated by differential mode (DM) currents in the solid core will in general cancel each other since the windings are negatively coupled. Thus, the choke provides little impedance or inductance to DM currents. Commonly this also suggests that the core won't soak for a huge amount of DM currents and the heating effect of the winding resistance will determine the maximum current rating. However, the CM current gets a high amount of impedance because of the summed inductance of the positively coupled windings.

CM chokes have found its use in electrical, telecommunications, and industrial applications to either decrease or remove noise and some other linked electromagnetic interference.

Whenever the CM current is conducted by the CM choke, most of the magnetic flux initiated by the windings is restricted with the inductor core because of its high permeability. Here, the leakage flux is very low. But still, the DM current which flows through the windings will produce a high amount of magnetic field as the windings are negatively coupled. A twisted winding structure is used with the CM choke to decrease this near magnetic field emission.

The difference between the conventional balanced 2 winding common mode choke and the balanced twisted windings common mode choke is that the windings cooperate in the focal point of the center open window.

This was all we have regarding Common Mode Chokes. Hope you liked going through the article. Brands that manufacture them are Kemet, Schaffner, and Murata. Make sure to check them out using the links as provided.

View all our Common Mode Chokes

A Voltage Controlled Crystal Oscillator or a VCXO is a piece of electronic equipment whose oscillating or output frequency is altered whenever a control potential difference is given to it under a constant supply voltage. A VCXO comes with a crystal oscillator, supporting circuitry, and a varactor diode. The maximum change in the measure of the output frequency of VCXO over the change in control voltage under constant temperature and supply voltage – as said in ppm – is known as Pullability or Total Pulling Range.

Difference between VCXO and VCO

1. In the VCXO an oscillation frequency is generated according to the Crystal Properties while in the VCO it is generated through an electronic circuit.
2. The VCXO has got a narrow range of frequency while the VCO comes with a wide range of frequency.
3. VCXO has got higher stability, on the other hand, VCO has got lower stability.
4. VCXO has a lower phase noise while VCO has a higher phase noise.

Applications of VCXO

VCXOs have found their use in many applications. Here we have some of them:

• Narrowband PLLs – VCXO is used in narrow-band phase-locked loops where the requirement for the change on frequency is very small.
• Temperature Controlled Crystal Oscillators – VCXOs are mainly used in TCXOs, commonly known as Temperature Controlled Crystal Oscillators, where the temperature pay voltage is provided to a control terminal of the VCXO. Thus using this technique reduces the drift to a lot extent. It is to be noted that the use of VCXO is not that much good as a full oven-controlled crystal oscillator but still it can provide a slight up-gradation in its performance level.

VCXOs Specifications:

While specifying VCXOs the following parameters are normally taken into consideration.

1. Package – The voltage-controlled crystal oscillators come in different forms, thus it is important to specify the right package for the right product.

2. Pullability – The pullability is defined as the range of frequency over which the VCXO can be pulled for a defined change in control potential difference. For a given voltage, it is specified in terms of ppm (parts per million). VCXO having a small pullability value offers a lower phase noise and greater stability. While VCXOs with larger pullability value provides a larger tuning range.

3. Voltage Supply – It is important to mention the supply voltage to guarantee that it works inside the unit for which it is proposed. Ideally, it ought to have the option to work outside the normal resistance of the flexibly so that any slight jumble doesn't cause an issue.

4. Frequency – This is generally specified in MHz for all frequencies that are in the range of over 1.0MHz and in KHz for all frequencies that are below this. It is also important to specify the frequency to the right number of decimal spots to empower the producer to have the option to decide the necessary recurrence required.

This was all we have regarding VCXO Oscillators. Hope you liked going through it. Brands that manufacture them are ABRACON, Silicon Labs and, Crystek. Make sure to check them out using the links as provided.

View all our VCXO Oscillators

A Temperature Compensator Crystal Oscillator or a TCXO is a crystal oscillator that is designed to withstand high-temperature conditions. In a regular crystal oscillator the oscillation frequency fluctuates with the rise in temperature. The consequence of this is an unstable oscillation frequency. TCXO supports a stable oscillation frequency at high temperatures. For this, they take the help of a temperature compensation network which balances out the oscillation frequency at higher temperatures.

Performance figure of TCXO

Some of the most important performance figures of TCXO are as follows:

• Power Dissipation – The dissipation of power in a TCXO will be much greater as compared to an ordinary oscillator keeping in view of the additional circuitry needed. In addition to that the cost becomes greater. It should also be kept in mind that the cost is greater. It is also worth remembering that it will take a short period after start-up for the oscillator to stabilize. This might be of the order 100 ms, or conceivably more, subordinate upon the plan.

• TCXO PPM performance – As said earlier, the performance of TCXO temperature is much better as compared to a normal crystal oscillator. Ordinarily, figures of somewhere in the range of 10 and 40 times improvement can regularly be seen. Figures that are better than +1.5 (or -1.5) ppm over a temperature range of 0 to 70 degrees Celsius are much harder to achieve as they at that point fall into a high exactness classification where costs increment essentially.

• TCXO package – TCXOs can be supplied in several packages depending upon the requirements of the end-user as well as the way they have been designed. The most well-known type of development is to build the circuit on a little printed circuit board that can be housed in a plat metal bundle. This is then reasonable for mounting onto the fundamental circuit leading body of the general hardware. As the crystal is sealed itself, this implies fixing of the general TCXO bundle isn't basic, or even required for most applications.

• Output format and level - With numerous TCXOs being utilized for driving advanced circuits, a large portion of the little oscillator bundles produce what is named a clipped sine wave. This is suitable for driving a logic circuit, but in many instances it is recommended to put it through a logic buffer to make sure that it is sufficiently square. The output is generally an open collector circuit. On the off chance that a sine wave output is needed, at that point this must be picked at the start and it will confine the decision accessible.

• Power Requirements – The actual requirement of power depends on the particular device. Many works from provisions of 3 V, and may draw as meager as 2 mA, even though this will rely on the general kind, the producer and the specific gadget picked.

This was all we have regarding the TCXO oscillator. Hope you liked going through it. Brands that manufacture them are ABRACON, TXC Corporation, and AVX. Check them out using the links as provided.

View all our TCXO Oscillator

A crystal oscillator is said to be an electrical oscillator circuit that utilizes the mechanical resonance of a vibrating crystal made up of piezoelectric material to establish an electrical signal with an exact frequency. This frequency is found to be useful in providing a stable clock signal in digital integrated circuits, keeping a track of time (in quartz wristwatches), and to settle frequencies for radio receiver and transmitters. The most widely recognized kind of piezoelectric resonator utilized is the quartz crystals, so oscillator circuits consolidating them got known as crystal oscillators, but other piezoelectric materials including polycrystalline ceramics are utilized in comparable circuits.

A crystal oscillator, particularly that utilizes quartz crystal, works by mutilating the crystal by an electric field when a potential difference is applied to the electrode. This property is known as inverse piezoelectricity or electrostriction. As soon as the electric field is taken off, the quartz that is oscillating at a precise frequency returns to its previous shape and generates an electric field. This can even set up a voltage. The consequence is that this quartz crystal starts to act like an RLC circuit but with a much higher value of Q.

Quartz crystals are produced for frequencies ranging from a few tens of Kilo Hertz to hundreds of MegaHertz. It is estimated that more than 2 Billion crystals are produced per year. Most of them have found their use in consumer devices like clocks, computers, wristwatches, cellphones, and radios. These crystals are also used inside measuring and texting equipment like oscilloscopes, signal generators, counters, etc.

Operation

A crystal is defined as that solid where all its constituent atoms, ions, or molecules are packed in regular order, repeated pattern in all its 3 dimensions.

Whenever a crystal made up of quartz is cut and mounted properly, it very well may be made to contort in an electric field by applying a voltage to a terminal close or on the crystal. As said earlier, this property is known as Electrostriction. When the field is removed, it sets up an electric field as it gets back in its initial shape. Thus, it behaves like an RLC circuit, made up of a capacitor, resistor, and an inductor.

One more advantage of quartz is that its size and elastic constants change in such a manner that the frequency reliance on temperature can be extremely low. The specific characteristic depends on two things: the angle at which the quartz is cut (with respect to its crystallographic axes) and the mode of vibration. As a result, the resonant frequency of the plate (depending on size) does not vary much. This conveys that a quartz filter, oscillator, or a clock remains accurate. For basic applications, the quartz oscillator is mounted in a temperature-controlled holder known as Crystal Oven. It can also be mounted on shock absorbers to forestall irritation by outer mechanical vibrations.

This was all we have for Crystal Oscillator. Hope you liked this article. Brands that manufacture them are ABRACON, ECS Inc, and IQD. Make sure to visit them using the links as provided.

View all our Crystal Oscillator